Stock market volatility may be caused by numerous factors. Economic uncertainty, inflation, geopolitical conflict, and even a natural disaster have all caused the markets to fluctuate. When market volatility occurs, it can lead to sharp, sudden increases or decreases in value.

Making impulsive investment decisions amid market volatility is not a recipe for success. Instead, planning ahead, being a patient investor, and considering smaller adjustments along the way can help keep your financial goals on track. During times of stock market volatility, it’s important to focus on the things that can be controlled.

Here are five of them:

1. Maintain a long-term perspective

When investing for longer-term goals, understand that whatever is happening in the headlines may not be happening in your account—especially if you have an investment portfolio that is more diversified than a general stock market index.

Time smooths out market fluctuations, which can help investors put many concerns into context. For instance, the S&P 500 Index has experienced double-digit annual losses in five of the last 50 years (12/31/73–12/31/23). While one-year returns may fluctuate dramatically, over any cumulative rolling five-year period during that time, the S&P 500 has only experienced double-digit losses three times: the five-year periods ended 1974, 2004, and 2008.

And stocks have never lost ground, double-digit or otherwise, in any rolling 15-calendar year period over the last 50 years. (See “Look at the stock market through a 15-year lens.”) Therefore, for a long-term goal, investors can feel more confident holding on to stocks during periods of market volatility, even if they experience short-term declines. (Past performance cannot guarantee future results. It is not possible to invest directly in an index.)

2. Reassess asset allocation to reduce investment risk

Investors may not be able to control the markets, but they can control their asset allocation. Stocks have the most growth potential over the long term, but they are also more affected by short-term market volatility. When investors are in their 20s, 30s, or even 40s, they have time on their side, which will allow them to withstand and bounce back from volatility. An investment portfolio that’s 80% to 100% stocks could be reasonable. As investors get closer to retirement, they should start to introduce more bonds into the mix. Generally, bonds have provided a buffer to dampen short-term market fluctuations and historical volatility, resulting in a more balanced investment approach.

The key consideration when determining an asset allocation is how an individual’s investment mix will impact their lifestyle in the near term. Some people may feel the need to take some kind of action following a stock market downturn. But if you have an asset allocation appropriate for your time horizon, the best action may be to be patient.

One way to assess an investor’s current allocations is for them to ask themselves: If my investment portfolio value dropped significantly today, would it impact my current lifestyle? The answer to this question can help investors put together an appropriate asset allocation for their circumstances. For example, for those with many years until retirement, that answer may be “no.” For those closer to or in retirement, a significant drop could be concerning, and they might need to pull back on stocks and add bonds to their investment portfolio.

3. Adjust saving and spending amid stock volatility

Another factor investors can control is how much they’re saving and spending. In the earlier stages of saving for retirement, a stock market downturn can be their friend, and they should continue investing as much as they’re able since they’re buying shares at lower prices. This may require some discipline and patience, however, as historically, it has taken three to five years for stocks to recover from a bear market, for example. Automating contributions can help investors keep their savings on track by reducing the likelihood that they’ll make sudden changes in response to stock market conditions.

If an investor is planning to retire soon or is already in retirement, their spending is a powerful lever that can help them weather a down stock market. Small spending adjustments could garner a large payoff. Investors should assess their budget and determine where they might be able to cut expenses or put off larger purchases if the markets take a turn.

4. Create a cash contingency

Another thing investors might want to consider is the idea of a contingency—starting to build up some money on the side.

You can’t predict future volatility levels of the market, and investments may be impacted at any time by events and factors that are out of your control. Having a cash contingency can help you avoid making impulsive or shortsighted decisions during periods of volatility. For those in the workforce, we typically suggest an amount that’s equal to three to six months of your expenses. Think of it as a personal safety net. Should an investor lose their job or come upon unbudgeted expenses, they won’t have to raid their retirement savings or rack up credit card debt to make ends meet.

For retirees, a cash contingency could be used as an alternative to fund living expenses if there is an extended down stock market. Investors can draw from this account instead of having to sell investments at an inopportune time, locking in a loss. Considering that a 60% stock/40% bond investment portfolio recovered within two years during the last two bear markets, it may be reasonable for retirees to have one to two years of living expenses in a contingent cash account.

5. Be flexible and prepared for future market volatility

It’s important for investors to consider all their options and think of ways in which they’re willing to be more flexible. Should the market turn but they’d planned to retire, could they continue to work for a couple more years? If newly retired, could they find part-time work to supplement their income? And if the market volatility were strong and sustained, leading to greater economic uncertainty, would they be prepared if they were to lose their job? For all these reasons, they should keep up with connections, continue to build a network, and refresh their résumé.

We might not know when market volatility may occur or how long a downturn may persist, but having a plan in place and being willing to make small adjustments can help investors maintain control.