Vietnam: Asia’s next frontier tiger

Economic reforms have propelled Vietnam from one of the world’s poorest nations to a middle‑income economy in a matter of decades. Now, with a cyclical recovery underway, favorable demographics, and an upgrade to emerging market status (EM) within sight, the country appears poised for another major step in its transformation. Yet investors remain cautious and valuations are cheap. Neither of these is likely to last.

Vietnam’s journey over recent decades has been remarkable. After the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the country remained under a U.S. trade embargo until 1994. Market‑friendly reforms introduced in the mid‑1980s attracted successive waves of foreign investment and boosted exports. In 1995, the country joined the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and accession to the World Trade Organization followed in 2007. Then in September 2023 it signed a “comprehensive strategic partnership” with the U.S., putting its relations with America on the same level as Russia and China.

Position vacant for China alternative

With confidence in China diminishing amid rising labor costs, a poor economic outlook, and the prospect of a prolonged trade war with the U.S., Vietnam is in pole position to attract manufacturers looking to reduce exposure to Beijing. From an economic standpoint, Vietnam looks attractive. Its overall 2023 gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 5% was down from the previous year’s 8%, weighed down by falling exports amid weak global demand and an intensification of the government’s crackdown on corruption in the property sector. However, property transactions and prices are increasing, while exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) data are also improving.

FDI into Vietnam was USD 2.8 billion in the first two months of this year, up 9.8% from the same period in 2023, according to the Ministry of Planning and Investment. FDI pledges, which serve as an indicator of future FDI disbursements, surged by about 40% year on year. The top sources of investment were Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan, while Samsung, which employs more than 110,000 people in Vietnam, remains the largest foreign investor in the country. In December, Jensen Huang, CEO and chair of U.S. tech giant NVIDIA, visited Hanoi to announce plans to establish a manufacturing base in Vietnam.

GDP growth is expected to recover to 6% this year and reach 6.5% in 2025. According to the World Bank, Vietnam’s current GDP per capita in 2022 was USD 4,163—similar to levels that several other Asian tigers have recorded ahead of decade‑long growth surges (Figure 1).

Structural factors are also favorable. Vietnam has a well‑balanced economy and currently runs both a current account surplus and a trade surplus. Its 2023 debt‑to‑GDP ratio of 37% was moderate compared with many of its competitors. Demographics continue to power growth: At the turn of the millennium, Vietnam’s middle class comprised around 6 million people; by 2030, it is expected to be more than 75 million. With a large and youthful population and workforce, Vietnam is turning into a classic consumer economy (Figure 2).

Vietnam’s main bourse, the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HoSE), is currently classified by FTSE and MSCI indices as a frontier market, a status that effectively prevents many overseas investors from investing in it. Vietnam is seeking an upgrade to emerging market status, which, according to the World Bank, could generate foreign net inflows of USD 30 billion by 2030. The HoSE looks likely to achieve this with FTSE after revealing plans to relax its “pre‑funding” settlement procedures for foreign investors—which has been a key obstacle in Vietnam’s bid for emerging market status.

Despite reports that an announcement on Vietnam’s inclusion in the FTSE Emerging Index could come as early as this September, bureaucratic delays mean that the pre-funding hurdle will probably not be resolved until August—leaving FTSE with too little time to consult investors ahead of its annual index inclusion announcement in September. As such, the announcement of Vietnam’s inclusion in the FTSE Emerging Index will more likely take place in 2025.

An upgrade to the MSCI Emerging Markets Index will take longer as MSCI’s requirements for access by foreign investors are stricter. If these requirements are satisfied, Vietnam could join China, Indonesia, Qatar, and the Philippines in moving up from the MSCI Frontier Markets Index, which it currently shares with smaller markets such as Morocco, Sri Lanka, and Kenya. Vietnam is comfortably the largest component of the MSCI Frontier Markets Index, composing 28% of the index at the end of February this year. Confirmation of Vietnam’s upgrade to the MSCI EM Index is likely to come between 2026 and 2028.

However, MSCI EM Index inclusion will only be the cherry on the cake—investor interest in Vietnam is likely to increase long before then. In early March, the HoSE trialed its new Korea Exchange (KRX) technology system, which is intended to significantly upgrade the infrastructure of the Vietnamese stock market and improve stock market liquidity. Further flexibility will come when the pre‑funding solution mentioned above arrives later in the summer, which should drive greater foreign interest.

Stocks have yet to recover from 2022 slump

Combined, these three factors—the reversal of cyclical headwinds, favorable structural conditions, and the regulatory and technological measures to enable an upgrade to EM status—make a compelling case for investing in Vietnam. Yet the VN‑Index, which represents the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange, is trading at low levels. The index slumped by a third in 2022 as valuations of real estate companies (which constitute a fifth of the index) collapsed amid a liquidity crunch and the government anti‑corruption crackdown mentioned above. Although the market recovered somewhat last year, at the end of March the VN‑Index was still trading well below its 2022 peak and at a one‑standard‑deviation discount to its historical average forward price‑to‑earnings ratio of 13x.

This is mainly because local investors (which account for 90% of stock market turnover) are still bruised from the recent slump in exports and fall in property prices, which badly damaged sentiment. However, there is a lot of money sitting on the sidelines that is ready to be deployed as the economy gets stronger and consumer sentiment, which tends to be a lagging indicator, improves.

Another reason for the relative cheapness of Vietnamese stocks is continuing hesitancy among foreign investors when it comes to frontier markets. Investors tend to prefer putting their money into markets where others have gone before; frontier markets are regarded with caution because they are less explored than developed markets and are seen as less liquid and more bureaucratic.

While it is true that the Vietnamese stock market is less liquid than those of developed markets, it is more liquid than several large emerging market countries. The Vietnamese stock market typically trades more than USD 1 billion of securities per day, which is the second highest among the 10 ASEAN countries and nearly five times higher than some established EM countries such as Mexico. The liquidity of the Vietnamese stock market is likely to deepen as the regulatory and technological changes mentioned above take hold.

Bureaucracy is a hurdle. It can take a long time to get things done in Vietnam. In this respect, Vietnam is behind China, where the authorities can plan and execute major infrastructure projects in a very short amount of time. However, the government seems intent on tackling this. In a speech to parliament in November, Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh admitted that bureaucracy is a burden on enterprise and pledged to streamline outdated administrative procedures to support business and boost growth. It is also worth noting that Vietnamese infrastructure investment as a percentage of GDP remains nearly twice that of regional rivals such as Thailand and Malaysia.

A final factor in the undervaluation of Vietnamese stocks is the inefficiency of the market. The relative lack of overseas investment in—and analyst coverage of—frontier markets means that pricing does not always accurately reflect fundamentals. Positive developments such as those described above may take a while to be reflected in stock prices.

Reforms key to unlocking growth

Further moves to reduce bureaucracy would be welcome. Earlier this year, the National Assembly approved a new Land Law, aimed at removing bottlenecks in securing overseas investment in the property sector. It will come into effect in January next year. Then in late March, the State Securities Commission, Vietnam’s stock market regulator, released a draft regulation amendment addressing obstacles to foreign investment. There is much work to be done on this, but it is a step in the right direction. The removal of further inefficiencies would, in our view, unlock structural growth that could significantly boost GDP.

If Vietnam continues to push key reforms and make itself more accessible (as we believe it will), it will only be a matter of time before more overseas investors are persuaded by its powerful growth story to look more closely at Vietnamese stocks. For those who do, the banking sector, which is currently in the early stage of a cyclical recovery, looks particularly interesting. Valuations remain attractive as the cyclical recovery has yet to be priced in. The key question is the scale and duration of the recovery in the banking sector. In our view, current prices do not reflect its potential by some measure.   

Another interesting sector is information technology (IT). Vietnam has many highly skilled coders who cost around 90% less than those in the U.S. and 15% less than those in India. The availability of high‑quality coders at relatively low cost is helping Vietnam to establish itself as a major regional technology center. Management consultancy firm Kearney’s latest Global Services Location Index, published last year, ranked Vietnam as the seventh most attractive location in the world for IT outsourcing. “The presence of major technology companies demonstrates that the country is a global digital hub, motivating it to continue upskilling its workforce,” the report said.

We expect these trends to continue over the coming years. And while the investment case for Vietnam will be strengthened considerably when upgrades to the EM indices of FTSE and MSCI are achieved, it is not dependent upon them. Many positive developments are already occurring that, in our view, make Vietnam one of the most compelling investment opportunities in the world.