June 2022 / INVESTMENT INSIGHTS
ESG Integration in Action—Circular Economies
How a circular model could support economic and population growth
Key Insights
- Investors can play a role in helping to close the food gap, but we also must ensure that our investment is being deployed sustainably.
- Plastics have come to epitomize the problems of the end-to-end (or linear) economy.
- The circular economy underpins a transition to renewable energy and materials.
The vast majority of economic activities are built on a linear model, where raw materials are taken from the earth, used to make products, and eventually discarded. This source of environmental degradation is worsening as the global population grows, signaling that this linear model is not sustainable. If global economies are to prosper and support the world’s burgeoning population, a shift to a circular economy is needed.
The circular economy is based on three principles— eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and regenerating nature. It underpins a transition to renewable energy and materials, helping to decouple economic activity from the consumption of finite resources. This white paper is divided into three sections, exploring the following key themes: Sustainable Agriculture, Plastics, and the Energy Transition.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Sustainability in the agricultural sector is a challenging web of considerations. On the one hand, agriculture accounted for 18.4% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (in 2016),1 alongside ecosystem loss and land degradation. It also accounts for 70% of all freshwater withdrawals2 and is the largest contributor to nutrient runoff (a process that creates toxic algal blooms as well as “dead zones” in aquatic ecosystems). On the other hand, agriculture is a powerful force for good. It provides the food we all need to survive and has an outsized role in reducing poverty. The United Nations forecasts food demand to increase more than 50% by 2050, if the global population grows to an expected 9.8 billion (from 7.7 billion in 2021) and incomes increase across emerging markets. As investors, we can play a role in directing capital toward agricultural projects that can help close that food gap, but we also must ensure that our investment is being deployed sustainably. Investing in the same agricultural practices of the past 50 years will only serve to exacerbate the sector’s negative impacts—eventually leaving both society and investors to suffer the consequences.
Increasing food production by more than 50% without a radical change in traditional farming practices would require an enormous amount of land conversion and a sizable increase in GHG emissions. Neither is compatible with limiting global warming to a maximum target rise of 1.5°C. Indeed, most scenarios imply that agricultural emissions need to contract by half from 2016 levels, alongside reforesting 585 million hectares of land. There are a range of sustainability issues that we believe will impact companies, and each can vary substantially in how they impact the business (such as a binary event or compounding pressures). For example, a food company may face earnings volatility driven by a commodity shock resulting from physical climate risk, or it may face a steady, gradual shift in consumer preferences.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Source (2016)
Agriculture is a big contributor to GHG emissions
As of September 2020.
Source: Our World in Data (September 2020). Data as of 2016—most recent data available.
At T. Rowe Price, our equity and credit analysts consider sustainability issues related to agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) as part of their fundamental investment research. Often, they receive support from our environmental, social, and governance (ESG) specialists when considering how AFOLU issues may impact specific industries or securities.
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June 2022 / INVESTMENT INSIGHTS
Maria Elena Drew is a director of research for Responsible Investing at T. Rowe Price. In her current role she leads the Responsible Investing team, which serves as specialists for incorporating environmental and social considerations into the firm’s research process. Maria is on the Investment Advisory Committees of the Emerging Europe Equity, Emerging Markets Discovery Equity, Global Growth Equity, Global Value Equity, International Value Equity, Latin American Equity, and Asia ex-Japan Equity Strategies. In addition, she is a vice president of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc., T. Rowe Price International Ltd, and T. Rowe Price Global Funds.
Donna Anderson is the global head of Corporate Governance. Donna leads the firm’s proxy voting and engagement efforts and serves as a specialist for incorporating governance considerations into the firm’s investment research process. She is cochair of the ESG Committee , a member of the Valuation Committee, and a director of the T. Rowe Price Trust Company. She is a vice president of T. Rowe Price Group, Inc.
